Whitebark pine
The Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis; Family Pinaceae) is a species of pine tree that occurs in the mountains of the Western United States and Canada, specifically the subalpine areas of the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range, the Coast Ranges, and the Rocky Mountains. The Whitebark is typically the highest-elevation pine tree of these mountains, marking the tree-line. Thus, Whitebark are often found as krummholz, trees dwarfed by exposure and growing close to the ground. In more favourable conditions, it makes a tree to 20 m, rarely 30m tall.
Whitebark pine is a member of the white pine group, Pinus subgenus Strobus, and like all members of that group, the leaves ('needles') are in fascicles (bundles) of five, with a deciduous sheath. This distinguishes it from the Lodgepole pine, with two needles per fascicle, and Ponderosa pine and Jeffrey pine, which both have three per fascicle; these three all also have a persistent sheath at the base of each fascicle.
Distinguishing Whitebark pine from the related Limber pine, also a white pine, is very much more difficult, and can only easily be done by the cones. In Whitebark pine, the cones are 4-7 cm long, dark purple when immature, and do not open on drying, but are fragile and are pulled apart by birds (see below) to release the seeds. In Limber pine, the cones are 6-12 cm long, green when immature, and open to release the seeds; the scales are not fragile. A useful clue resulting is that Whitebark pines almost never have intact old cones lying under them, whereas Limber pines usually do.
Whitebark pine can also be hard to tell from Western white pine in the absence of cones. The most useful clue here is that Whitebark pine needles are entire (smooth when rubbed gently in both directions), whereas Western white pine needles are finely serrated (feeling rough when rubbed gently from tip to base). Whitebark pine needles are also usually shorter, 4-7 cm long, to Western white pine's 5-10 cm (though note the overlap).
The Whitebark pine is an important source of food for several species, including Red squirrels and Clark's Nutcrackers. Grizzly bears and American black bears often raid squirrel caches for the Whitebark pine nuts. Squirrels, Northern flickers, and Mountain bluebirds can nest within the Whitebark.
Unfortunately, the Whitebark pine in Washington, Idaho, Montana, British Columbia, and Alberta are afflicted with White pine blister rust, a fungus that was introduced from Europe. Whitebark pine mortality in some areas are reaching 60%. The blister rust has also decimated the commercially valuable Western white pine in these areas. However, there is no known way of controlling the blister rust in existing trees. Research is under way, locating and breeding from the occasional naturally resistant Whitebark pines, and by studying the resistance mechanisms of the European and Asian white pines (e.g. Swiss pine, Macedonian pine), which are strongly resistant to the disease.
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Referenced By
Clark's Nutcracker | Limber pine | Macedonian pine | Nucifraga columbiana | Pine | Pine tree | Pinus | Pinus flexilis | Sierra Nevada (US) | Sierra Nevada (USA) | Sierra Nevada Mountains | Sierra Nevadas (US) | Southwestern white pine | Sugar pine | Timber-line | Timber line | Timberline | Tree-line | Tree line | Treeline | Trees of Canada
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