Western movie

"As far as I'm concerned, Americans don't have any original art except Western movies and jazz."

— Clint Eastwood classic actor in Westerns

The Western movie is one of the classic American film genres.

Attempt at defining Western

Westerns are arts works (films, books, television shows, and paintings right off; see Frederic Remington; we focus on movies) devoted to telling romanticized tales of the American West (see Westward Expansion in History of the United States).

While the western has been popular throughout the history of movies, as the United States progresses farther away from the period depicted, the western has begun to diminish in importance, though (as of August 2003) it has been revived with the Kevin Costner western Open Range.

The fundamental plots of Westerns are simple. Life is reduced to its elements: there are no computers, no cellphones, no cars, no electricity. None of the complications and technology of modern life. You have:

1. The clothes on your back.
2. Your gun, and
3. Your horse.

And that's usually it. The horse may be optional. The art of the Western takes these simple elements and tell simple morality stories, setting them against the spectacular scenery of the American West. The best Western directors practically made / make the scenery an unpaid star of the movie.

Origins of the "Western idea"

The idea of the "Wild West" traces at least to Buffalo Bill's Wild West shows that began in 1883. In literature Owen Wister's The Virginian (published in 1902) was an American start, but the German writer Karl May was writing Wild West stories as early as 1876, and he traced ideas at least to the American writer James Fenimore Cooper, who wrote Last of the Mohicans in 1826.

Thus the "western idea" has a long history. They were a distinct literary genre before the rise of motion pictures; other important writers were Zane Grey, and Louis L'Amour.

Popular culture and Westerns

American popular culture loves cultures of honor, as opposed to cultures of law. The Western portrays a society in which persons have no social order larger than their immediate peers, family, or perhaps themselves alone. Here, one must cultivate a reputation by acts of violence, or they can be generous, because generosity creates a dependency relationship in the social hierarchy.

These themes unite the Western, the gangster movie, and the revenge movie in a single vision. In the Western, these themes are forefronted, to the extent that the arrival of law and "civilization" is often portrayed as regrettable, if inevitable.

The Western goes to Hollywood

But a genre in which description and dialogue are lean, and the landscape spectacular, is better suited to a visual medium. Western movies, usually filmed in desolate corners of Arizona, Utah, Wyoming or Colorado, made the landscape not just a vivid backdrop but a character in the movie.

The Western genre itself has sub-genres, such as the epic Western, the shoot 'em up, singing cowboy Westerns, and a few comedy Westerns.

Cowboys play a prominent role in Western movies, and often fights with American Indians are depicted, though "revisionist" Westerns give the natives sympathetic treatment. Other recurring themes of westerns include western treks, and groups of bandits terrorizing small towns, such as The Magnificent Seven.

In film, the western traces its roots back to The Great Train Robbery, a short silent film directed by Edwin S. Porter and released in 1903. In the United States, the western has had an extremely rich history that spans many genres (comedy, drama, tragedy, parody, musical, etc.) The golden age of the western film is epitomised by the work of two directors: John Ford (who often used John Wayne for lead roles) and Howard Hawks.

During the 1960s and 1970s, there was a considerable revival with the "Spaghetti Westerns" or "Italo-Westerns", most notably those directed by Sergio Leone. These tended to be fairly low-budget affairs, shot in locations principally chosen for the cheapness of shooting film, and are characterised by high-action and violence. Clint Eastwood became famous starring in these, although they were also to provide a showcase for other such considerable talents as Lee van Cleef, James Coburn, and Klaus Kinski.

Other influences to and by Westerns; "revisionist Westerns"

Westerns have drawn on other arts forms as old as the Norse Saga, as other art forms have drawn on the Western.

To add to the international influences on westerns, many westerns after 1960 were heavily influenced by the Japanese samurai films of Akira Kurosawa (for instance The Magnificent Seven was a remake of Kurosawa's Seven Samurai).

Also, beginning in the 1960s, many people questioned many traditional themes of westerns, aside from the portrayal of the Native American as a "savages", audiences began to question the simple hero versus villain dualism, and the use of violence to test one's character or to prove oneself right. Examples of "revisionist westerns" include Dances With Wolves and Unforgiven. Some "modern" Westerns give women more powerful roles, such as Open Range.

An offshoot of the western genre is the "post-apocalyptic" western, in which a future society, struggling to rebuild after a major catastrophe, is portrayed in a manner very similar to the 19th century frontier. Examples include The Postman and the "Mad Max" series.

In fact, many elements of space travel series and films borrow extensively from the conventions of the western genre. Gene Roddenberry, the creator of the Star Trek series, once described his vision for the show as "Wagon Train to the stars".

In addition, the superhero fantasy genre has described having been derived from the cowboy hero, only powered up to omnipotence in a primarily urban setting.

The western genre has been parodied on a number of occasions, famous examples being Support Your Local Sheriff, Cat Ballou, and Mel Brooks's Blazing Saddles.

Television Westerns

The Saturday Afternoon Movie was a pre-TV phenomenon in the US which often featured western series. "Singing cowboys" were common (Gene Autry, Roy Rogers and Dale Evans, Rex Allen, each with a co-starring horse). Other B-movie series were Lash Larue and the Durango Kid. Herbert Jeffreys, as Bob Blake with his horse Stardust appeared in a number of movies made for African American audiences in the days of segregated movie theaters. [1]. Bill Pickett, an African American rodeo performer also appeared in early western films for the same audience [2].

When the popularity of television exploded in the late 1940s and 1950s, westerns quickly became a staple of small screen entertainment. A great many B-movie Westerns were aired on TV as time fillers, while a number of long-running TV Westerns became classics in their own right. Notable TV Westerns include Gunsmoke, The Rifleman, Have Gun, Will Travel, Ponderosa, The Big Valley, and many others.

The 1970s saw a revision of the western, with the incorporation of many new elements. McCloud, which premiered in 1970, was essentially a fusion of the sheriff-oriented western with the modern big-city crime drama. Heck Ramsey was a western who-dunnit mystery series. Little House on the Prairie was set on the frontier in the time period the western but was essentially a family drama. Kung Fu was in the tradition of the itinerant gun-fighter westerns, but the main character was a Chinese monk who fought only with his hands.

See also: TV Western

Notable figures in Westerns

• Gene Autry, actor
• James Coburn, actor
• Gary Cooper, actor
• Clint Eastwood, actor
• John Ford, director of dramas of tragic intensity.
• Howard Hawks, director
• Sergio Leone, Italian director who added to the Western genre.
• Maureen O'Hara. actress
• Gregory Peck, actor
• Sam Peckinpah, director
• James Stewart, actor
• Lee van Cleef, actor
• John Wayne, archetype and actor who appeared in many of Ford's films.

Notable Westerns

• Annie Get Your Gun
• Blazing Saddles- The most popular parody of westerns in film history.
• Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969, two outlaws on the run)
• Dances With Wolves (1991)
• Destry Rides Again (1939, pacifist sheriff)
• Dodge City (city cleaned up by new sheriff)
• For a Few Dollars More (1965, Sergio Leone's story of bounty hunters; spaghetti western)
• The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (Buono, il brutto, il cattivo, in Italian) (1966, Sergio Leone's take on the Old West and the American Civil War; another spaghetti western; considered by many the best Western ever made — this is of course disputed.)
• The Great Train Robbery (1903, not only the first Western ever made, but the first American film that told a sustained story)
• Heaven's Gate
• High Noon (1952, Gary Cooper, a small town under siege)
• Hud (1963, (steamy love between a drifter and a married woman)
• Little Big Man (1970, About a boy raised by The Sioux Nation assuming various roles in the Old West, including a guide who arranged the fanatical General George Armstrong Custer's defeat at the Battle of Little Big Horn), starring Dustin Hoffman; a "revisionist" Western where American Indians receive more sympathetic treatment)
• The Magnificent Seven (1960, a small town under siege, based on a film by Akira Kurosawa)
• The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962, James Stewart, John Wayne and Lee Marvin)
• My Darling Clementine (1946, the story of the Gunfight at the O. K. Corral)
• My Name is Trinity (a drifter and his brother, posing as a sheriff, defending a town against a rapacious cattle baron; spaghetti western)
• Once Upon a Time in the West (Sergio Leone's tale of Western revenge; spaghetti western)
• Open Range (a "modern" epic Western starring Kevin Costner, Robert Duvall, and Annette Bening in a distinctly feminist role.)
• The Ox-Bow Incident (1943, Henry Fonda in a tale of Frontier justice)
• Red River (1948, John Wayne and Montgomery Clift in a saga of a cattle drive from Texas to Kansas)
• Rio Bravo (1959, John Wayne as a small town's sheriff asking a motley posse to help him keep order in his town; Angie Dickinson, Dean Martin, and Ricky Nelson have starring roles)
• Ruggles of Red Gap (an English valet takes on the West)
• The Searchers (1956, John Wayne searches for his niece, who was stolen by Indians)
• Stagecoach (1939, John Ford's classic about a motley group of travelers thrown together on a stagecoach attacked by Indians)
• Trinity Is STILL My Name (two brothers swear to their father that they will become outlaws; spaghetti western)
• True Grit (1969, John Wayne)
• Unforgiven (1992, Clint Eastwood's Academy Award winning movie about Wild West revenge)
• The Wild Bunch (1969, Sam Peckinpah and the violent West at its end in the early 20th century; a car is seen in one scene)

External links and references

• Top 50 & bottom 10 Westerns

Referenced By