Syllogism
In traditional logic, a syllogism is an inference in which one proposition (the conclusion) follows of necessity from two others (known as premises).
The definition is traditional, but is derived loosely from Aristotle's Prior Analytics, Book I, c. 1. The Greek sullogismos means "deduction".
Forms of syllogism:
The Aristotle wrote the classic "Barbara" syllogism:
- If all humans (B's) are mortal (A),
- and all Greeks (C's) are humans (B's),
- then all Greeks (C's) are mortal (A).
That is,
- Men die.
- Socrates is a man.
- Socrates will die.
Metaphor, in contrast, resembles a form of syllogism called “Affirming the Consequent”:
- Grass dies.
- Men die.
- Men are grass.
A Barbara syllogism involves grammar and logical types; it has a subject and a predicate. Affirming the Consequent, the basis of metaphor, is grammatically symmetrical: it equates two predicates. This form of syllogism is logically invalid.
Epagoge are weak syllogisms that rely on inductive reasoning.
By the definition of conditional and biconditional the consequences of the principle of the syllogism may be stated in the following formulas:
The conclusion is a biconditional only when all premises are biconditionals. This statement is of great practical value. In a succession of deductions we must pay close attention to see if the transition from one proposition to the other takes place
by means of a biconditional or only of a conditional. There is no equivalence between two extreme propositions unless all intermediate deductions are equivalences; in other words, if there is one single implication in the chain, the relation of the two extreme propositions is only that of implication.
See also: Venn diagram
Referenced By
List of topics in logic
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