Sugar beet
Sugar beet Beta vulgaris L., one of the Goosefoot (Chenopodiaceae) family, is a plant that contains a very high concentration of sucrose, and is grown commercially for sugar.
Sugar beets are grown in North America, Europe and some parts of South America. Beet sugar accounts for 30% of the world's sugar production.
Sugar Extraction
Two byproducts of the sugar processing are beet pulp, which is used for animal food, and beet molasses, which is used in alcohol production or in animal feed.
The beets are harvested in the autumn, washed carefully, peeled and chipped, and then placed in a machine called a diffuser to extract their sugar content. The diffuser is a large horizontal or vertical tank in which the beets slices slowly work their way from one end to the other while the water is agitated in the opposite direction. This is called a counter-current flow, and it extracts more sugar from the chips than if they were merely sitting in a hot water bath. Once the beet chips have passed through the diffuser they still contain sugary liquid, so they are pressed in a screw press to extract the last juices. The remaining beet pulp is turned into animal feed, and the beet juice is further processed.
The next stage in the processing is carbonation. The sugar juice contains many impurities that must be removed before it can be dehydrated, so small clusters of chalk are grown in the liquid. The chalk extracts the impurities from the mix, leaving a pure, if weak, sugar solution. This sugar solution is then concentrated in a multi-stage evaporating machine.
Finally, the syrup is boiled in large vats to concentrate the solution and create sugar crystals. These crystals are removed from the liquid in a centrifuge and dried out using hot air.
Discovery
Beets (and carrots) were identified as potential sources of sugar by the Prussian chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf in 1747, but he thought that commercial extraction would be uneconomic. His former pupil and successor Franz Carl Achard began selectively breeding sugar beet from the White Slesian fodder beet in 1784.
Achard was the first to start producing beet sugar commercially in 1802, following the opening of the World's first beet sugar factory in Kunern, Germany, in 1801. At the time his beet was approximately 5% to 6% sugar, compared to around 20% in modern varieties. The developement spread rapily in France and Germany, encouraged by imposition in 1807 (?) of a blockade by the English in the Napoleonic Wars.
See also
Other economically important members of the Chenopodiaceae family:
Referenced By
Napoleonic Campaigns | Napoleonic Empire Wars | Napoleonic War | Napoleonic Wars | Norbert Rilleaux | Norbert Rillieux
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