Steven Chu

Chu graduated from the University of Rochester, N.Y., in 1970 with a B.S. in physics and an A.B. in math. He received his doctorate in physics in 1976 from the University of California, Berkeley, where he was a postdoctoral fellow from 1976 to 1978. He joined the staff at Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, N.J., in 1978 and became the head of the quantum electronics research department at AT&T Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, N.J., in 1983. He joined the faculty of Stanford University in 1987.

In 1985 Chu and his coworkers used an array of intersecting laser beams to create an effect they called "optical molasses", in which the speed of target atoms was reduced from about 4,000 kilometres per hour to about one kilometre per hour, as if the atoms were moving through thick molasses. The temperature of the slowed atoms approached absolute zero (-273.15 C, or -459.67 F). Chu and his colleagues also developed an atomic trap using lasers and magnetic coils that enabled them to capture and study the chilled atoms. Phillips and Cohen-Tannoudji expanded on Chu's work, devising ways to use lasers to trap atoms at temperatures even closer to absolute zero. These techniques make it possible for scientists to improve the accuracy of atomic clocks used in space navigation, to construct atomic interferometers that can precisely measure gravitational forces, and to design atomic lasers that can be used to manipulate electronic circuits at an extremely fine scale.

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