Mohawk tribe
- This article is about the indigenous people; for the hairstyle, see Mohawk hairstyle.
The Republic of Kanienkeh, or the Kanienkehaka Nation (Mohawk) of Native American people live around Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River in what is now Canada and the United States. Their traditional homeland stretches from just south of The Kanienkehaka (Mohawk) River east to the Green Mountains of Vermont west to the Borders of the Oneida Nation, and North of Montreal along the St Lawrence River Valley and the Ottawa River valley. They belong to the Iroquois confederation. After the pre-historic formation of the Iroquois confederation (Haudenosaunee), the Mohawks became keepers of the Eastern Door, guarding the members against invasions from that direction.
Mohawk History
A 1634 Dutch expedition from Ft. Orange to the Mohawk settlements in the west was led by a surgeon named Harmen Van Den Bogaert. At the time of the expedition there were only 8 villages - from east to west: Onekahoncka, Canowarode, Schatsyerosy, Canagere, Schanidisse, Osquage, Cawaoge, and Tenotoge. All villages were on the south side of the river, between present-day Fonda and Fort Plain. The first (Onekahoncka) being situated on the south side of the Mohawk River where it meets the Cayadutta Creek, and the last being on the south side of the Mohawk River where it meets the Caroga Creek.
During the 17th century, the Mohawks became allied with the Dutch at Fort Orange, New Netherland (now Albany, New York). Their Dutch trade partners equipped the Mohawks to fight against other nations allied with the French, including the Ojibwes, Huron-Wendats, and Algonkins. After the fall of New Netherland to the English, the Mohawks became allies of the English Crown. Because of ongoing conflict with Anglo-American settlers infiltrating into the Mohawk Valley and outstanding treaty obligations to the Crown, the Mohawks generally fought against the United States during the American Revolutionary War, the War of the Wabash Confederacy, and the War of 1812. After the Americans' victory, one prominent Mohawk leader, Joseph Brant, led a large group of Iroquois out of New York to a new homeland at Six Nations of the Grand River, Ontario.
On November 11, 1794, representatives of the Mohawks (along with the other Haudenosaunee nations) signed the Treaty of Canandaigua with the United States.
One large group of Mohawks, who were expelled by the United States as traitors were given land by the British Governor Craig and imposed to French speaking Quebecois who were refused new land because of not being English. They stayed in the vicinity of Montreal, where they served as mercenaries for the British army. One of the most famous Catholic Mohawks was Kateri, who was later beatified. From this group descend the Mohawks of Kahnawake, Akwesasne and Kanesatake.
The Mohawk Nation, as part of the Iroquois Confederacy, were signatories to the treaties concluding the Congress of Vienna in 1837. Five years later, they were ignored by Lord Durham in his report on the reform and organization of the Canadas in 1942 and their legal existence ignored.
Members of the Mohawk tribe now live in settlements spread throughout New York State and Southeastern Canada. Among these are Ganienkeh and Kanatsiohareke in northeast New York, Akwesasne/St.Regis along the Ontario-New York State border, Kanesatake/Oka and Kahnawake/Caughnawaga in southwest Quebec, and Tyendinaga and Wahta/Gibson in southern Ontario. Mohawks also form the majority on the mixed Iroquois reserve, Six Nations of the Grand River, in Ontario.
There are also Mohawk Orange Lodges in Canada.
Many Mohawk communities have two sets of chiefs that exist in parallel and are in some sense rivals. One group are the hereditary chiefs nominated by clan matriarchs in the traditional fashion; the other are elected chiefs with whom the Canadian and US governments usually deal exclusively. Since the 1980s, Mohawk politics have been driven by factional disputes over gambling. Both the elected chiefs and the controversial Warrior Society have encouraged gaming as a means of ensuring tribal self-sufficiency on the various reserves/reservations, while traditional chiefs have opposed gaming on moral grounds and out of fear of corruption and organized crime. Such disputes have also been associated with religious divisions: the traditional chiefs are often associated with the Longhouse tradition, while Warrior Society has attacked that religion in favour of the pre-Longhouse old tradition. Meanwhile, the elected chiefs have tended to be associated (though in a much looser and general way) with democratic values. The Government of Canada when ruling the Indians imposed English schooling and separated families to place children in English boarding schools. Mohawks like other tribes have mostly lost their native language and many have left the reserve to meld with the English Canadian culture.
The name "Mohawk" was perhaps bestowed upon the tribe by the German mercenaries who fought with the British troops, who, mistaking a personal name for the group name, started to call the Kanienkehaka "Moackh." An English corruption of pronunciation turned it into the familiar "Mohawk" which is still used today. The name of the people in the Mohawk language (which does not possess an /m/ sound) is Kanien'kehá:ka. The Dutch referred to the Mohawk as Maquasen, or Maquas. The common theory of the origination of the current "Mohawk" name is the combination of the Narraganset word for "man-eaters" (Mohowawog) and the Unami term Mhuweyek - "cannibal-monsters."
The Mohawks, like many indigenous tribes in the Great Lakes region, wore a type of hair style in which all their hair would be cut off except for a narrow strip down the middle of the scalp. Today such a hair style is still called a Mohawk.
Mohawk Communities Today
These are grouped by broad geographical cluster, with notes on the character of community governance found in each.
- inland New York:
- along the St Lawrence:
- Akwesasne/St.Regis. Traditional chiefs, elected chiefs on US side, elected chiefs on Canadian side. The Warrior society is also active.
- Kanesatake/Oka
- Kahnawake/Caughnawaga. Elected chiefs, (traditional chiefs?).
- southern Ontario:
References
Referenced By
Albany Congress | Alexandre de Prouville | American Indian | American Indians | American Native | Amerind | Amerindian | Amerindians | Amerins | Canadian military history | Conrad Weiser | Indyans | Injuns | Iroquois | Iroquois Confederation | Kingston, Ontario | List of non-sovereign nations | Mexican Indians | Military history of Canada | Mohawk | Native America | Native American | Native Americans | North American Indians | Oka crisis | Pequot | Pequot War | Red Indians | William Johnson (1715-1774)
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