Giovanni Angelo Braschi
Pius VI, Giovanni Angelo Braschi, (December 27, 1717 - August 29, 1799), pope from 1775 to 1799, was born at Cesena.
After taking the degree of
doctor of laws he went to Ferrara and became the private
secretary of Cardinal Ruffo, in whose bishopric of Ostia
and Velletri he held the post of uditore until 1753. His
skill in the conduct of a mission to the court of Naples
won him the esteem of Pope Benedict XIV, who appointed him one
of his secretaries and canon of St Peter's. In 1758 he
was raised to the prelature, and in 1766 to the treasurership
of the apostolic chamber by Pope Clement XIII. Those who chafed
under his conscientious economies cunningly induced
Pope Clement XIV to create him cardinal-priest of Sant' Onofrio
on April 26, 1773 - a promotion which rendered him
for the time innocuous. In the four months' conclave which
followed the death of Clement XIV, Spain, France and Portugal
at length dropped their objection to Braschi, who was after
all one of the more moderate opponents of the anti-Jesuit
policy of the previous pope, and he was elected to the
vacant see on the February 15, 1775.
His earlier acts gave fair promise of liberal rule and
reform in the defective administration of the papal states.
He showed discrimination in his benevolences, reprimanded
Potenziani, the governor of Rome, for unsuppressed disorders,
appointed a council of cardinals to remedy the state of the
finances and relieve the pressure of imposts, called to
account Nicolo Bischi for the expenditure of moneys intended
for the purchase of grain, reduced the annual disbursements
by the suppression of several pensions, and adopted a system
of bounties for the encouragement of agriculture.
The circumstances of his election, however, involved him in
difficulties from the outset of his pontificate. He had
received the support of the ministers of the Crowns and
the anti-Jesuit party upon a tacit understanding that he
would continue the action of Clement, by whose brief Dominus
ac redemptor (1773) the dissolution of the Society of Jesus
had been pronounced. On the other hand the zelanti, who
believed him secretly inclined towards Jesuitism, expected
from him some reparation for the alleged wrongs of the
previous reign. As a result of these complications Pius
was led into a series of half measures which gave little
satisfaction to either party: although it is perhaps
largely due to him that the order was able to escape
shipwreck in White Russia and Silesia; at but one
juncture did he even seriously consider its universal
re-establishment, namely in 1792, as a bulwark against
revolutionary ideas.
Besides facing
dissatisfaction with this temporizing policy, Pius met
with practical protests tending to the limitation
of papal authority. To be sure "Febronius", the chief
German literary exponent of the old Gallican ideas, was himself led (not without scandal) to retract;
but his positions were adopted in Austria. Here
the social and ecclesiastical reforms undertaken by
Joseph II and his minister Kaunitz touched the
supremacy of Rome so nearly that in the hope of staying
them Pius adopted the exceptional course of
visiting Vienna in person. He left Rome on February 27, 1782,
and, though magnificently received
by the emperor, his mission proved a fiasco; he was,
however, able a few years later to curb those German
archbishops who, in 1786 at the Congress at Ems, had
shown a tendency towards independence. In Naples
difficulties necessitating certain concessions in respect
of feudal homage were raised by the minister
Tannucci, and more serious disagreements arose with
Grand Duke Leopold I of Tuscany and Scipione del Ricci, bishop of Pistoia
and Prato, upon the questions of reform in Tuscany;
but Pius did not think fit to condemn the offensive
decrees of the synod of Pistoia (1786) till nearly
eight years had elapsed.
At the outbreak of the
French Revolution Pius was compelled to see the
old Gallican Church suppressed, the pontifical and
ecclesiastical possessions in France confiscated and
an effigy of himself burnt by the populace at the Palais Royal.
The murder of the republican agent Hugo Basseville in the
streets of Rome (January 1793) gave new ground of offense;
the papal court was charged with complicity by the French Convention; and Pius threw in his lot with the league against
France. In 1796 Napoleon I invaded Italy, defeated the papal
troops and occupied Ancona and Loreto. Pius sued for peace,
which was granted at Tolentino on February 19, 1797;
but on December 28 of that year, in a riot created
by some Italian and French revolutionists, General Duphot
of the French embassy was killed and a new pretext furnished
for invasion. General Berthier marched to Rome, entered
it unopposed on February 13, 1798,
and, proclaiming a republic, demanded of the pope the renunciation
of his temporal authority. Upon his refusal he was taken prisoner,
and on February 20 was escorted from the Vatican to Siena,
and thence to the Certosa near Florence. The French declaration of
war against Tuscany led to his removal by way of Parma, Piacenza,
Turin and Grenoble to the citadel of Valence, where he died six
weeks later, on August 29, 1799.
The name of Pius VI is associated with many and often unpopular
attempts to revive the splendour of Pope Leo X in the promotion of
art and public works; the words Munificentia Pii VI. P. M.
graven in all parts of the city, giving rise amongst his impoverished
subjects to such satire as the insertion of a minute loaf in the
hands of Pasquin with that inscription beneath it. He is best
remembered in connexion with the establishment of the museum of the Vatican, begun at his suggestion of his predecessor, and with an
unpractical and expensive attempt to drain the Pontine marshes.
from a 1911 encyclopedia
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