Emperor of China

The characters huang (皇 huang2 "godking") and di (帝 "sage king") were used separately and never consecutively (See Three Huang and five Di), and reserved for mythological rulers until the first emperor of Qin (Qin Shi Huangdi). The emperor or huangdi (皇帝 in pinyin: huang2 di4) of China then became the title of head of state of China from the Qin dynasty (A.D.221) to the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911.

From the Han dynasty, huangdi was abbreviated to huang or di. Qing (卿);, Daifu (大夫) and Shi (仕) became synonyms for court officials.

Although formally the son of heaven, the power of the emperor varied between emperors and dynasties, with some emperors being absolute rulers and others being figureheads with actual power lying in the hands of court factions, eunuchs, the bureaucracy or noble families.

The title of emperor was transmitted from father to son. Usually the first born of the queen inherited the office, but this rule was not universal and disputes over succession was the cause of a number of civil wars. Unlike the Emperor of Japan, Chinese political theory allowed for a change in dynasty and an emperor could be replaced by a rebel leader. It was generally not possible for a female to succeed to the throne and in the history of China there has only been one reigning Empress, Wu Zetian of the Tang dynasty.

How to read the titles of a Chinese sovereign

All sovereigns are denoted by a string of Chinese characters.

Examples:

1. Han Gao Zu Liu Bang (漢 高祖 劉邦 han4 gao1 zu3 liu3 bang1)
   
2. Tang Tai Zong Li Shi Min (唐 太宗 李世民 tang2 tai4 zong1 li3 shi4 min2)
   
3. Wei Wu Di Cao Cao (魏 武帝 曹操 wei4 wu3 di4 cao2 cao1)
   
4. Hou Han Gao Zu Liu Zhi Yuan (後漢 高祖 劉知遠 hou4 han4 gao1 zu3 liu3 zhi1 yuan3)
   
5. Han Guang Wu Di Liu Xiu (漢 光武帝 劉秀 han4 guang1 wu3 di4 liu3 xiu4)
   

The first character(s) are the name of the dynasty or kingdom. e.g. Han, Tang, Wei and Hou Han.

Then come the characters of how the sovereign is commonly called, in most of the times the posthumous names or the temple names. e.g. Gao Zu, Tai Zong, Wu Di, Guang Wu Di

Then follow the characters of their family and first names. e.g. Liu Bang, Li Shi Min, Cao Cao, Liu Zhi Yuan and Liu Xiu

In contemporary historical texts, the string including the name of dynasty and temple or posthumous names is sufficient enough as a clear reference to a particular sovereign.

e.g. Han Gao Zu

Note that Wei Wu Di Cao Cao never was a sovereign but his son was. Thus he was revered as Wu Di. Cao Cao is good enough for reference.

Some rules of thumb and helpful tips for reading a list of sovereigns

All sovereigns starting from the Tang Dynasty are contemporarily referred to using the temple names. They also had posthumous names but less-used, except in traditional historical texts. Reversed situation before Tang as posthumous names are contemporarily used.

e.g. The posthumous name of Tang Tai Zong Li Shi Min was Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4)

If sovereigns since Tang were referenced using posthumous names, they were the last ones of their sovereignties or their reigns were short and unpopular.

e.g. Tang Ai Di Li Zhu (唐哀帝 tang2 ai1 di4 李柷 li3 zhu4), also known as Tang Zhao Xuan Di (唐昭宣帝 tang2 zhao1 xuan1 di4), was last emperor of the Tang Dynasty reigning from 904 to 907.

Han Guang Wu Di is equivalent to Dong Han Guang Wu Di since he was the founder of the Eastern Han Dynasty. All dong(east)-xi(west), nan(south)-bei(north), qian(former)-hou(later) conventions were invented only by past or present historiographers for denoting a new era of a dynasty. Never used during that era.

Some common conventions of naming Chinese Sovereigns

If you were even more confused after reading above, here is a quick guide (so not a thorough explanation).

1. Emperors before the Tang dynasty: use name of dynasty + posthumous names. eg. Han Wu Di
   
2. Emperors between Tang dynasty and Ming dynasty: use name of dynasty + temple names eg. Tang tai zong
   
3. Since all legitimate rulers of China after Qin Shi Huang Di were titled emperor of China, they can also be referred to by "emperor of" and the name of his/her respective dynasty after the temple or posthumous name. eg.

   Han wudi = Emperor wudi of Han Dynasty

   Tang taizong = Emperor taizong of Tang Dynasty

4. Emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasty: use era names (same as reign names) because each emperor has only one distinctive era name. eg. Kangxi (kang1 xi1) Emperor
   
5. Overrides rules 1 to 3: If there is a more common convention than using posthumous, temple or era names, then use it. eg. Cao Cao instead of Wei wu di.
   
6. Some scholars prefer using the Wade-Giles romanization instead of the Pinyin but the above formats still hold. eg. Han Wu Di = Wu-ti Emperor of Han Dynasty.

If you prefer better clarification and do not want to bother with all those "names", please refer to each dynasty of which the specific convention is shown on top of its sovereigns. Hopefully it helps you.

However a consensus has yet to be reached in Wikipedia. Here is the discussion link.

Table of Chinese monarchs

See also

• Chinese noble
• Chinese History -- Chinese Historiography -- Lists of incumbents-- List of famous Chinese people, Timeline of Chinese history
• Era name -- Temple name -- Posthumous name
• Huns -- Wu Hu -- Mongols -- Tribes in Chinese history
• Xia dynasty -- Shang dynasty -- Zhou dynasty -- Qin dynasty -- Han dynasty -- Three Kingdoms -- Jin Dynasty (265-420) -- Sixteen Kingdoms -- Southern and Northern dynasties -- Northern Wei dynasty -- Sui dynasty -- Tang Dynasty -- Zhou Dynasty (690 AD - 705 AD) -- Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period -- Song Dynasty -- Liao Dynasty -- Western Xia --Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) -- Yuan Dynasty -- Ming Dynasty -- Qing Dynasty
• Taiping Rebellion

Referenced By