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Cinema of China

The history of Chinese cinema has three separate threads of development:

Mainland China

Motion pictures were introduced to China in 1896, but the film industry was not started until 1917. During the 1920s film technicians from the United States trained Chinese technicians in Shanghai, an early filmmaking center, and American influence continued to be felt there for the next two decades. In the 1930s and 1940s, several socially and politically important films were produced.

The film industry continued to develop after 1949. In the 17 years between the founding of the People's Republic of China and the Cultural Revolution, 603 feature films and 8,342 reels of documentaries and newsreels were produced, sponsored as Communist propaganda by the government. The first wide-screen film was produced in 1960. Animated films using a variety of folk arts, such as papercuts, shadow plays, puppetry, and traditional paintings, also were very popular for entertaining and educating children.

During the Cultural Revolution, the film industry was severely restricted. Most previous films were banned, and only a few new ones were produced. In the years immediately following the Cultural Revolution, the film industry again flourished as a medium of popular entertainment. Domestically produced films played to large audiences, and tickets for foreign film festivals sold quickly.

In the 1980s the film industry fell on hard times, faced with the dual problems of competition from other forms of entertainment and concern on the part of the authorities that many of the popular thriller and martial arts films were socially unacceptable. In January 1986 the film industry was transferred from the Ministry of Culture to the newly formed Ministry of Radio, Cinema, and Television to bring it under "stricter control and management" and to "strengthen supervision over production."

The recent era has seen the "return of the amateur filmmaker"(Jia Zhangke, director of Unknown Pleasures) as state censorship policies has produced an edgy underground film movement loosely referred to as the sixth generation (from the number of generations since the '49 revolution). These films are shot quickly and cheaply which produces a documentary feel: long takes, hand held camera, ambient sound (see cinema verite). Many films are joint ventures and projects with international investment.

Hong Kong

The first Hong Kong film was Zhuangzi Tests His Wife in 1913. The director was Lai Man-Wai, Father of Hong Kong Cinema, who also played the wife himself. But the Hong Kong film industry did not take off until after World War II.

Cantonese movies era (1950s and 60s),
- mostly Wu Xia films with cheesy props and special effect using crude animation drawn on top of the film, drama, Cantonese opera on film etc. - e.g., Wah Tat Studio.
Mandarin movies era (1960s on) -
- e.g., Shaw Brothers Studio, Golden Harvest Studio.
- A musical genre called Huang2 Mei2 Diao4 (黃梅調).
- Love stories based on novels by Zhung Yau (瓊瑤 pinyin qiong2 yao2).
- A new generation of Wu Xia film probably started by The dragon gate inn (龍門客棧) with a lot of wire work and acrobatic moves.
The come-back of Cantonese movies - (1970s on) -
- probably spearheaded by Michael Hui with his comedies which brought Cantonese movies back in the spotlight.

During the 1990s, the Hong Kong film industry underwent a significant decline, exacerbated by the Asian economic crisis which dried up traditional sources of film finance. Revenues generated by the Hong Kong motion picture industry halved during this period. Also Hollywood in the United States attracted popular movie figures such as John Woo, Jackie Chan and Chow Yun Fat to make movies directly for the U.S. domestic market.

In an effort to halt the decline of the local industry, the Hong Kong Government in April 2003 introduced a Film Guarantee Fund as an incentive to local banks to become involved in the motion picture industry. The guarantee operates to secure a percentage of monies loaned by banks to film production companies. The Fund has received a mixed reception from industry participants, and less than enthusiastic reception from financial institutions who perceive investment in local films as high risk ventures with little collateral. Film guarantee legal documents commissioned by the Hong Kong Government in late April 2003 are based on Canadian documents, which have limited relevance to the local industry.

In the 2000s, there have been some bright spots, including hits such as Stephen Chow's Shaolin Soccer which broke new ground in the use of special effects.

Taiwan

In the 1970s, the Taiwanese film industry was heavily influenced by the Mandarin movies produced in Hong Kong.

Another thread in Taiwanese movies was that of historical realistic tragedy which was typified by the film City of Sadness. This genre of movie began to be popular in the late 1980s with the relaxation of martial law which allowed film makers to deal with previously politically taboo subjects such as the Japanese occupation and the relationship between local Taiwanese and the mainlander-dominated KMT government.

Some famous actors and filmmakers

See also : History of cinema

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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Cinema of China".