American Sign Language
American Sign Language is the dominant sign language in the United States, Canada and parts of Mexico. American Sign Language is usually abbreviated ASL though it has also been known as Ameslan. As with other sign languages, its grammar and syntax are separate and distinct from the spoken language(s) spoken in its area of influence. It originated around the turn of the century as the sign languages of the American Indians, French Sign Language, and the sign language of the residents of Martha's Vineyard merged with one another and probably other linguistic influences at the first school for the deaf in America, established by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet.
ASL is a natural language as proved to the satisfaction of the linguistic community by William Stokoe. It is a manual language meaning that the information is expressed not with combinations of sounds but with combinations of handshapes, movements of the hands, arms and body, and facial expressions. It is used natively and predominantly by the deaf of the United States and Canada.
Although it often seems as though the signs are meaningful of themselves, in fact they are as arbitrary as words in spoken language. For example, hearing children often make the mistake of using "you" to refer to themselves, since others refer to them as "you." Children who acquire the sign YOU (pointing at one's interlocutor) make similar mistakes - they will point at others to mean themselves, indicating that even something as seemingly explicit as pointing is an arbitrary sign in ASL, like words in a spoken language.
In recent years, it has been shown that ASL has had a positive impact on the intellect of hearing children who are exposed to it. When infants are taught the language early, parents are able to respond accordingly to the infant at a developmental stage when verbal speech, which requires extremely fine control of many, interacting parts, is not yet able to be formed. The ability of the child to actively communicate and interact earlier than would otherwise be possible accelerates the cognitive development of the child.
ASL has been taught to chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas. Several have mastered more than one hundred signs. Not all agree though with the ability of the primates to sign. One deaf native speaker on the Washoe research team was asked to write signs down whenever she winessed them being produced; although the hearing people on the team were turning in long lists of signs, she claims what she saw were not signs at all, but simply gestures. Further fomenting the controversy, the researchers in the studies of Koko and Washoe refused to share their raw data with the scientific community.
Referenced By
American culture | American popular culture | Animal cognition | Auslan | Body language | British Sign Language | British Sign Language, BSL | Culture of America | Culture of the United States | Darn Floor-Big Bite | Darn Floor - Big Bite | Deaf | Deafness | Famous Experiments | French Sign Language | Glossary of medical terms related to communications disorders | Koko | Languages in the United States | List of Famous Experiments | List of dialects of English | List of dialects of the English language | Major English dialects | Manual alphabet | Mr. Holland's Opus | Natlang | Natural language | Nicaraguan Sign Language | Nim Chimpsky | Nim Chimsky | Noam Chimpsky | Northampton, Massachusetts | Shirley Childress Saxton | Sign Language | Sign languages | Spartan Alphabet | Sweet Honey in the Rock | Tickling | US culture | United States culture | United States popular culture | Valerie Sutton | Washoe (chimpanzee) | William Stokoe
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